Title: Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Current Coastal Ecosystems—A Canadian Case Study

Journal: Remote Sensing

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194742

Abstract: Understanding how climate change affects coastal ecosystems is one of the most important elements in determining vulnerability and resilience for long-term ecosystem management in the face of the increasing risk of coastal hazards (e.g., sea level rise, coastal flooding, and storm surge). This research attempts to undertake a study on the ecosystem–climate nexus in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island (PEI). Cloud-based remote sensing techniques with Google Earth Engine (GGE) are utilized to identify ecosystem changes over time. In addition, the effects of coastal flooding and storm surge ecosystems under different climate scenarios are examined. The results suggest a reduction in the forest (3%), open water or marsh component (9%), salt water (5%), no open water or marsh component (3%), and salt or brackish marsh (17%) ecosystems from 2013 to 2022. Dune and beach exhibit a non-uniform distribution across the period because of variations in natural processes, with an upward trend ranging from 0% to 11%. Approximately 257 km² (9.4%) of PEI’s ecosystems would be affected by extreme coastal flooding (scenario 4), compared to 142 km² (5.2%), 155 km² (5.7%), and 191 km² (7%) in scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Under a 4 m storm surge scenario, around 223 km² (8.2%) of PEI’s ecosystems would be flooded, compared to 61 km² (2.2%), 113 km² (4.1%), and 168 km² (6.1%) under 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m scenarios, respectively. The findings from this research would enable policymakers to take necessary actions to sustain ecosystem services in PEI while confronting the impacts of climate change.